The Syrian civil war which had seemed far away came dramatically close to home, in the form of thousands of refugees and the horrific terror attacks in Paris.
In our cover story, Jean-Marie Guéhenno considers the options for Europe to address these challenges at a time of internal weakness: if Friday November 13 was France’s 9/11, then Europe must at least learn the lessons from America’s mistakes in its ill-defined war on terror.
It is not just Islamic State which is expanding beyond the borders of Iraq/Syria. As Sanam Vakil explains the world must prepare for a resurgent Iran after the lifting of sanctions.
Iran’s undimmed aspirations to be a regional power will make any attempt to align Europe’s aims in Syria with those of the Arabs extremely complex. Jane Kinninmont sets out the ways that Islamic State profits from the region’s wider political conflicts.