Traffic policeman (de facto authorities) in Sanaa, Yemen. Photo: Peter Salisbury
Acknowledgments
This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.
The authors would like to thank the European Union for its generous backing of the research that underpins this research paper. Particular thanks go to Toby Dodge for his support in developing the theoretical concept, and to Georgia Cooke for her management of the project and development of the interactive mapping of the chaos–order spectrum. The data platform for the mapping was developed by Tom Wills. The authors would also like to thank Zaki Mehchy and Tim Eaton for their reviews of earlier versions of this paper, and to the anonymous researchers and data-gatherers in Iraq and Yemen. Finally, thanks also go to Jake Statham for his forensic editing and to Mais Peachey for readying the paper for publication.