Introduction
This paper explores the origins of the E3 (European/EU 3) format of diplomatic coordination between France, Germany and the UK, and its possible future development. It addresses the potential role of the E3 over the coming decade and how the UK can make the best use of this format.
The first section examines the origin and significance of the E3 format, from the Iran nuclear deal to broader diplomatic coordination, and discusses its strengths and weaknesses. The second section analyses the current political context and the impact of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU on the E3. The third section examines the perspectives of France and Germany as well as the political dynamics within the E3. The fourth section explores how political and strategic developments over the next decade could influence the format’s utility. This identifies the evolution of transatlantic relations and the EU’s common foreign and defence policies as key factors that will influence the E3. The final section explores how the format could develop and presents a range of options for consideration, as well as recommendations for the UK.