Appendix 4: Additional Notes
Table 2
(i) Lambe, L. (2016), ‘Ecocem launch first UK import terminal’, Ecocem blog, 3 August 2016, http://www.ecocem.ie/ecocem-launch-first-uk-import-terminal/ (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(ii) Keena, C. (2016), ‘Ecocem opens new terminal to cater for UK demands’, Irish Times, 21 March 2016, https://www.irishtimes.com/business/manufacturing/ecocem-opens-new-terminal-to-cater-for-uk-demands-1.2580823 (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(iii) EMC Cement (2017), landing page, http://www.emccement.com/landing4a.htm (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(iv) Pike, C. W., Ronin, V. and Elfgren, L. (2009), ‘High Volume Pozzolan Concrete: Three Years of Experience in Texas with CemPozz’, Concrete in Focus, March/April 2009, http://www.emccement.com/pdf/EMC_InFocus_ex.pdf (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(v) Zeobond (2017), ‘The Geopolymer Solution’, http://www.zeobond.com/geopolymer-solution.html (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(vi) Ferrera, J. (2016), ‘A greener concrete jungle: why reducing our carbon footprint means changing our cement’, ScienceLine, 25 July 2016, http://scienceline.org/2016/07/a-greener-concrete-jungle/ (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
vii Wilkinson, A., Woodward, D., Magee, B. and Tretsiakova-McNally, S. (2015), ‘A state of the art review into the use of geopolymer cement for road applications’, in Nikolaides, A. F. (ed.) (2015), Bituminous Fixtures & Pavements VI, pp. 147–152, London: Taylor & Francis Group, http://uir.ulster.ac.uk/32126/1/b18538-24_-_Greek_geopolymer_paper.pdf (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(viii) MATRIX NI (2016), ‘banah UK….A Concrete Study in R&D’, http://matrixni.org/reports/2016-amme-report/banah-uk/ (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(ix) Celitement (2017), ‘Celitement binders’, http://www.celitement.de/en/the-product (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(x) Celitement (2017), ‘Funding’, http://www.celitement.de/en/about-us/funding/ (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(xi) Industrial Efficiency Technology Database (undated), Low-Carbon or Carbon-Negative Alternatives to Portland Cement, http://ietd.iipnetwork.org/content/low-carbon-or-carbon-negative-alternatives-portland-cement (accessed 21 Jan. 2018).
(xii) Tickell, O. and Macalister, T. (2012), ‘Novacem’s green technology rights bought by mystery firm’, Guardian, 12 October 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/oct/11/mystery-firm-buys-novacem-green-technology-rights (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(xiii) Solidia (2017), ‘About SOLID LIFE’, http://www.solidlife.eu/ (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(xiv) Lafarge (2015), ‘Lafarge and Solidia commercialize a new low-carbon solution for the construction sector’, media release, 28 April 2015, https://www.lafargeholcim.com/04282015-Lafarge-Solidia-commercialize-new-low-carbon-solution-for-construction-sector (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(xv) Majcher, K. (2015), ‘What happened to Green Concrete?’, MIT Technology Review, 19 March 2015, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/535646/what-happened-to-green-concrete/ (accessed 12 Oct. 2017).
(xvi) Komisar, A. (2017), ‘Concrete Supply Co. Expands Adoption of CarbonCure’s Technology Across Three Facilities’, CarbonCure, press release, 1 October 2017, http://info.carboncure.com/press/concrete-supply-co (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(xvii) Calera (2017), ‘Calera: The Process’, http://www.calera.com/beneficial-reuse-of-co2/process.html (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(xviii) Carbon8 (2017), ‘Grundon contract win demonstrates recycling is preferred option for APCr’, 25 August 2017, http://c8a.co.uk/grundon-contract-win-demonstrates-recycling-is-preferred-option-for-apcr/ (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
(xix) Google Patents (2001), ‘Process and a plant for the production of Portland cement clinker’, https://www.google.com/patents/US6908507 (28 Feb. 2018).
(xx) Blue Planet (2017), ‘Economically Sustainable Carbon Capture’, http://www.blueplanet-ltd.com/ (accessed 11 Oct. 2017).
Table 4
(i) Hanein, Galvez-Martos and Bannerman (2018), ‘Carbon footprint of calcium sulfoaluminate clinker production’.
(ii) Snellings (2016), ‘Assessing, Understanding and Unlocking Supplementary Cementitious Materials’.
(iii) Scrivener, John and Gartner (2016), Eco-efficient cements.
(iv) Some sources give higher estimates at around $110/tonne. DeFord, D. (2016), ‘Evaluation of Pozzolanic Materials for Replacement of Fly Ash in FDOT Concrete’, presented at the 2016 FCPA/FDOT Concrete Coalition of Florida in Orlando, Florida, 9 March 2016, http://www.fdot.gov/materials/structural/meetings/fdot-ccf/2016/appendixa.pdf (accessed 28 Feb. 2018); Seraj et al. (2014), Evaluating the Performance of Alternative Supplementary Cementing Material in Concrete; Inigo-Jones, T. (2009), ‘Building with a more durable, greener concrete’, The Globe and Mail, 21 September 2009, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/sb-growth/building-with-a-more-durable-greener-concrete/article4301342/ (accessed 10 Jan. 2017).
(v) Scrivener et al. estimate that only one-third of available capacity is used. Scrivener, John and Gartner (2016), Eco-efficient cements.
(vi) Ibid.
(vii) Ibid.
(viii) United States Geological Survey (2017), ‘Iron and Steel Slag’, https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_&_steel_slag/mcs-2017-fesla.pdf (accessed 7 Jan. 2018).
(ix) Based on Scrivener et al., it is estimated that ~90% of GBFS available is used as an SCM.
(x) Data for 2014. International Energy Agency and Cement Sustainability Initiative (2018), Technology Roadmap.
(xi) United States Geological Survey (2017), ‘Clays’, https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays/mcs-2017-clays.pdf (accessed 10 Jan. 2018).
(xii) This price range reflects United States Geological Survey prices for different clays, from the cheapest (common clay) to the more expensive (kaolin). United States Geological Survey (2017), ‘Clays’; DeFord (2016), ‘Evaluation of Pozzolanic Materials for Replacement of Fly Ash in FDOT Concrete’.
(xiii) Inigo-Jones (2009), ‘Building with a more durable, greener concrete’.
(xiv) Snellings (2016), ‘Assessing, Understanding and Unlocking Supplementary Cementitious Materials’.
(xv) Scrivener, John and Gartner (2016), Eco-efficient cements.
(xvi) North South Holdings (undated), ‘The Story of Pozzolan’, http://www.northsouth-h.com/wp-content/uploads/North-South-Holdings-Pozzolan-Project.pdf (accessed 10 Jan. 2018).
(xvii) Snellings (2016), ‘Assessing, Understanding and Unlocking Supplementary Cementitious Materials’.
(xviii) Scrivener, John and Gartner (2016), Eco-efficient cements.
(xix) Cement Americas News (2011), ‘Technology shears cost of processing fly ash to match silica fume performance’, 21 April 2011, http://cementamericas.com/cement-newsline/244-technology-shears-cost-of-processing-fly-ash-to-match-silica-fume-performance.html (accessed 10 Jan. 2018); Inigo-Jones (2009), ‘Building with a more durable, greener concrete’; DeFord (2016), Evaluation of ‘Pozzolanic Materials for Replacement of Fly Ash in FDOT Concrete’; Seraj et al. (2014), Evaluating the Performance of Alternative Supplementary Cementing Material in Concrete.
(xx) King, D. (2012), ‘The Effect of Silica Fume on the Properties of Concrete as Defined in Concrete Society Report 74 Cementitous Materials’, 37th Conference on Our World in Concrete & Structures, 29–31 August 2012, Singapore, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2094/8bdb5ba782f8292281f4f525b7c43dbd51ed.pdf (accessed 4 Apr. 2018).
(xxi) Snellings (2016), ‘Assessing, Understanding and Unlocking Supplementary Cementitious Materials’.
(xxii) The upper end is converted from a €/tonne cost, which factors in transport distances. In Hanein, Galvez-Martos and Bannerman (2018), the lower end of the range is taken from United States Geological Survey (2017), ‘Bauxite and Alumina’, https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bauxite/mcs-2017-bauxi.pdf (accessed 10 Jan. 2018).
(xxiii) Snellings (2016), ‘Assessing, Understanding and Unlocking Supplementary Cementitious Materials’.
(xxiv) United States Geological Survey (2017), ‘Bauxite and Alumina’.
(xxv) Delatte, N. (2008), Concrete Pavement Design, Construction, and Performance, New York: Taylor & Francis.